·ÖÏíµ½£º | ¸ü¶à |
¡¡¡¡ÔÚÖÐÍâ½»Á÷Ê·ÉÏ£¬¡°Ë¿³ñ֮·¡±ÎªÈËÃǹ㷺֪Ïþ£¬¶ø¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±½üЩÄê²ÅÒýÆð¹Ø×¢¡£2013Äê3ÔÂ23ÈÕ£¬Ï°½üƽÖ÷ϯÔÚ¶íÂÞ˹Ī˹¿Æ¹ú¼Ê¹ØϵѧԺÑݽ²Ê±£¬Ìرð̸µ½17ÊÀ¼ÍµÄ¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±£¬Ç¿µ÷¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±µÄÀúÊ·ÒâÒ壬ÖØл½Æðº£ÄÚÍâ¶ÔÕâÌõ¹ÅµÀµÄ¼ÇÒ䣬²úÉúÁ˼«´óµÄÉç»áÓ°Ï죬´Ù½øÁËÑØÏß³ÇÊеĹú¼Ê¼äºÏ×÷¡£Í¬Äê9Ô£¬À´×ÔÖÐÃɶíÈý¹ú¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±ÑØÏß31¸ö³ÇÊеĴú±í£¬²Î¼ÓÁËÊг¤Ô²×À»áÒé¡£ÖÐÃɶíÈý¹ú¹²Ç©ÊðÊ®ÓàÏîÐÒ飬¾ÍÑØÏß³ÇÊз¢Õ¹¡¢³ÇÊмäÏ໥ºÏ×÷¡¢·¢Õ¹¹²Ó®µÈ·½ÃæÇ©ÊðÁË¡¶ÍòÀï²èµÀÑØÏß³ÇÊÐÂÃÓκÏ×÷ÐÒé¡·£¬²¢¹²Í¬³«ÒéÕâÌõ²èµÀÉêÇëÊÀ½ç·ÇÎïÖÊÎÄ»¯ÒŲú¡£ÖлªÎÄ»¯´Ù½ø»áµÈµ¥Î»ÕýÔÚ·¢Æð³ÉÁ¢¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ£¨Öйú£©Ð×÷Ì塱£¬ÕûºÏÑØ;Õþ¸®¡¢Ñ§Ñлú¹¹¡¢ÉÌÒµ»ú¹¹¡¢Ã½ÌåµÈ·½ÃæµÄ×ÊÔ´£¬½øÐпçÁìÓò¡¢¿çÐÐÒµ¡¢¿çÇøÓòºÏ×÷Óë¹ú¼Ê½»Á÷£¬´Ù½øÑØÏ߸÷³ÇÊеķ¢Õ¹¡£×÷Ϊ¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±»·½ÚÖ®Ò»µÄ½Î÷£¬Á˽âºÍÈÏʶ×ÔÉíÔÚÆäÖеĵØλÓëÓ°Ï죬ÊDzÎÓë±£»¤ºÍºÏ×÷µÄ»ù´¡¡£
¡¡¡¡Öйú×ԹžÍÓÐÓë¹úÍâÁ¬½ÓµÄ¡°²èҶ֮·¡±¡£¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±ÊÇ16ÊÀ¼ÍÄ©ÖÁ20ÊÀ¼Í³õ¼Ì¡°Ë¿³ñ֮·¡±ºóÑÇÅ·´ó½ÐËÆðµÄÓÖÒ»Ìõ¹ú¼ÊÉ̵À¡£¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±µÄ³öÏÖºÍÐγɣ¬ÊÇÖÐ¶í³¤ÆÚ²èҶóÒ×Óë½»ÍùµÄ½á¹û¡£ÔçÔÚ1567Ä꣬¶í¹ú¾Í±¨µÀ²èÄËÉñÆæµÄÒûÁÏ£¬ÊÇÓɸçÈø¿ËÈË´«ÈëµÄ¡£Ã÷³¯ÍòÀúËÄÊ®ÁùÄ꣨¹«Ôª1618Ä꣩£¬Öйú¹«Ê¹Ð¯ÊýÏä²èÒ¶´©Ô½Î÷²®ÀûÑÇ£¬Àú¾18¸öÔµÄÂọ́¬ÔùË͸ø¶í¹úɳ»Ê¡£1638Ä꣬ÃɹŵĶí¹ú¹«Ê¹Âòµ½²èÒ¶£¬µÛ¶íʹ³¼Ä«Ë÷άҲ´ÓÖйú´ø4ÆÕÌØ£¨Ô¼64¹«½ï£©²èÒ¶ÖÁĪ˹¿Æ¡£1687Ä꣬Öйú²èÒ¶¾ÂúÃÉÉ̶ÓÔËÍù¶í¹ú£¬³öÏÖÁË¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±µÄ³ûÐΡ£1723Ä꣬¶íÉÌÊäÈë2Íò¶àÏä²èÒ¶£¬Ô¼Öµ1Íò¶àÁ½°×Òø¡£ÇåÕþ¸®Óë¶í¹úÇ©¶©¡¶Ç¡¿Ëͼ»¥ÊнçÔ¼¡·ºó£¬´óÅúɽÎ÷ÉÌÈË··Ô˲衢Ñ̵ÈÔÓ»õÇ°ÍùóÒ×£¬Ê¹¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±¸üΪÍ걸¡¢·¢Õ¹¸ü¿ì¡£ 1727Ä꣬¶í¹úÅ®»ÊÅÉʹ³¼À´±±·½£¬ÖжíͨÉÌ£¬¶©Á¢¡¶Ç¡¿ËͼÌõÔ¼¡·£¬¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±Ò²½øÈ붦ʢʱÆÚ¡£1753Ä꣬¶í¹úÅ®»Ê»¹Ç××Ô³öϯ»ª²è½·֮µÖ¶í¹úµÄ¿ªÄ»µäÀñ¡£µ½1890Ä꣬ÖйúÏúÍù¶í¹úµÄ²èÒ¶Õ¼²èÒ¶³ö¿Ú×ÜÖµµÄ38.44%£¬³ö¿ÚµÄש²è¼¸ºõÈ«²¿ÏúÍù¶í¹ú£¬¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±³ÉΪÁ¬½ÓÖÐ¶í¡¢Í¨ÏòÅ·ÖÞµÄÖØÒªÉ̵À¡£
¡¡¡¡¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±¹á´©Äϱ±¡¢Á¬½ÓÆðÖйú¹ã´óµÄ²èÇø£¬ÊÇÒ»ÌõÍøÂ縴ÔӵĶà²Ê֮·¡£ÔÚÕâÌõ²èµÀÉÏ£¬½Î÷µÄµØλʮ·ÖÖØÒª¡£¡¶É½Î÷ÀúÊ·µØͼ¼¯¡¤Çå´ú½úÉÌÉÌ·¡·¼ÇÊö£º¡°´óÖÂÔÚǬ¡30Äê(1765)Æð£¬ÔÚɽÎ÷ÉÌÈ˵ÄÍƶ¯Ï£¬Öð½¥ÐγÉÁËÒ»ÌõÒÔɽÎ÷¡¢ºÓ±±ÎªÊàŦ£¬±±Ô½³¤³Ç£¬¹á´©Ãɹţ¬¾Î÷²®ÀûÑÇ£¬Í¨ÍùÅ·ÖÞ¸¹µØµÄ½ÉϹú¼Ê²èÒ¶ÉÌ·¡£ÔÚÄÏ·½£¬ÓÖ¿ª±ÙÁËÓɸ£½¨³ç°²¹ý·ÖË®¹Ø£¬Èë½Î÷ǦɽÏغӿÚÕò£¬Ë³ÐŽÏÂÛ¶Ñôºþ£¬´©ºþ¶ø³ö¾Å½¿ÚÈ볤½£¬ËݽµÖÎä²ý, תººË®ÖÁÏå·®£¬¹áºÓÄÏÈëÔóÖÝ£¬¾Âº°²µÖƽң¡¢ÆîÏØ¡¢Ì«¹È¡¢ÐÃÖÝ¡¢´óͬ¡¢ÌìÕòµ½Õżҿڣ¬¹á´©ÃɹŲÝÔµ½¿âÂ×ÖÁÇ¡¿Ëͼ£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»ÌõÖØÒªµÄ²èÒ¶ÉÌ·¡£¡±¶øÇÒÕâÌõÖØÒªµÄ²èÒ¶ÉÌ·»¹´ÓÇ¡¿ËͼÊУ¬¾ÄªË¹¿Æ£¬µ½Ê¥±ËµÃ±¤£¬Ö±µÖÅ·ÖÞ¸¹µØ£¬³ÉΪ¹áͨÑÇÅ·´ó½µÄ¶¯Âö¡£Î»ÓÚÕâÌõ¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±ÉϵĽÎ÷Ö®ËùÒÔÊÇÖØÒªµÄÊàŦ£¬Ö÷Òª»ùÓÚÒÔÏÂÈý¸ö·½ÃæµÄÔÒò¡£
¡¡¡¡µÚÒ»£¬Ç¦É½ÏغӿÚÕòÊÇÖØÒªµÄ²èÒ¶¼¯É¢µØ£¬ÊÇ¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±µÚÒ»Õò¡£ºÓ¿ÚÕòλÓÚÐŽ°¶±ß£¬ÊÇÃö¡¢Õã¡¢Íî¡¢¸Ó½»Í¨Á¬½Óµã¡£±ã½ÝµÄˮ½½»Í¨Ê¹ºÓ¿ÚÕò³ÉΪ·øÉäÃö¡¢Õã¡¢Íî¡¢Ïæ¡¢¶õ¡¢ËÕ¡¢ÔÁ¡¢´¨£¬ÉõÖÁÔ¶¼°º£ÍâµÄ¡°°Ëʡͨá顱µÄÎï×ʼ¯É¢µØ¡£¡¶Öйú½ü´ú¶ÔÍâóÒ×Ê·×ÊÁÏ¡·¼ÇÔØ£º¡°£¨Ã÷Ç壩ºÓ¿ÚÊÇÒ»¸ö·±»ªµÄ´ó¶¼ÊУ¬²èÐÐÁÖÁ¢£¬È«¹ú¸÷µØ²èÉÌÔƼ¯ÓÚ´Ë£¬Ðí¶à²èÉ̾ÍÔÚºÓ¿ÚÊÕ¹º²èÒ¶£¬²»ÔÙÇ°½øÁË¡±£¬¡°Öйú¸÷µØÉÌÈ˶¼µ½ºÓ¿Ú¹º²èÒ¶£¬»òÕ߰ѲèÒ¶ÔËÍùÆäËû¸÷µØ¡±¡£Í¬Ê±£¬ÏÖÓÐÊ·ÁϱíÃ÷£¬¸ÓÃöɽÇøÊÇÖйúºì²èµÄ·¢Ô´µØ£¬²èÒ¶ÒòÔÚºÓ¿Ú¼¯É¢£¬¹ÊÃû¡°ºÓºì²è¡±£¬ÊÇÊܵ½º£ÍâÇàíùµÄÃûÅƲúÆ·¡£¡¶Ç¦É½ÏçÍÁÖ¾¡·³Æ£º¡°ºÓºì·±Ê¢Ö®Ê±£¬É̼ÒÂò°ì£¬Ã¿ÄêÊý°ÙÍò½ð¡£¡±ºÓ¿Ú»¹ÊÇÖƲèµÄ¼¼ÊõÖÐÐĺÍÈ˲ÅÖÐÐÄ£¬µ±Ê±Ãö¡¢ÍîµÈÊ¡ºÍ¹ã·á¡¢ÓñɽµÈÏصIJèÒ¶¶¼ÐèÔ˵½ºÓ¿Ú¾«ÖÆ¡£Ç峯¿µÇ¬Ê±ÆÚ£¬ºÓ¿Ú´ÓʲèÒ¶¼Ó¹¤µÄÈËÓÐ3ÍòÖ®¶à£¬¡°ºÓ°ï²èʦ¡±ÏíÓÐÊ¢Ãû¡£ºÓ¿ÚÕâ¸öÃ÷´ú³õÄêÖ»ÓжþÈý»§È˼ҵĵط½£¬µ½Ã÷Ä©Çå³õ£¬ÒÑÊÇ¡°ÖÛ³µËijö£¬»õïêËùÐË¡±µÄ¹¤ÉÌÊÐÕò£¬¾ÓÃñÖС°Ö÷»§Ê®Ö®Èý£¬¿Í»§Ê®Ö®Æß¡£¡±
¡¡¡¡µÚ¶þ£¬Û¶ÑôºþÊǹŴú´Ó±±·½½øÈë½Î÷µÄΨһˮµÀ£¬Ò²ÊÇ¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±¹áͨ¸£½¨µÄΨһҪµÀ¡£ÔÚË®ÔËÕ¼¾ÝÖØÒªµØλµÄ¹Å´ú£¬Ñ̲¨ºÆÃ졢ˮÓòÁÉÀ«µÄÛ¶Ñôºþº½Ô˷dz£·±ÈÙ£¬Û¶ÑôºþµØÇø³ÉΪÖйú¾¼Ã½ÏΪ·¢´ïµÄ¸»Ô£µØÇø¡£Ã÷ÇåʱÆÚ£¬ÏíÓÐÊ¢ÓþµÄ½Î÷ËÄ´ó¹ÅÕò¶¼Î»ÓÚÛ¶ÑôºþµØÓòºÍÁ÷Óò£¬µÃÒæÓÚ·±Ê¢µÄÉÌ»õóÒס¢³©Í¨µÄÄϱ±ÔËÊä¡£³ýǦɽºÓ¿ÚÕòÍ⣬¾°µÂÕòÊÇ¡°´É¶¼¡±£¬ÒÔ´ÉÆ÷Éú²ú¡¢Ã³Ò×ΪÌØÉ«£¬ËÄ·½É̼ÖÏ̼¯¡£¡°×ÔÑàÔƶø±±£¬ÄϽ»Öº£¬¶«¼Êº££¬Î÷±»Êñ£¬ÎÞËù²»ÖÁ£¬½ÔÈ¡ÓÚ¾°µÂÕò¡±£¬ÕâÖÖ¿ÕÇ°Ê¢¿ö¼ÈÊÇÒòΪ¾°µÂÕò´ÉÆ÷µÄÖÊÁ¿ºÍÊ¢Óþ£¬Ò²ÊÇÒòΪ´Ó²ý½ÈëÛ¶ÑôºþµÄ±ãÀû½»Í¨¡£ÕÁÊ÷ÕòÃ÷´ú»ñµÃ¡°Ò©¶¼¡±ÃÀÓþ£¬µ±Ê±¡°ÑÌ»ðÊýÍò¼Ò£¬½¹ã°Ù»õÍùÀ´ÓëÄϱ±Ò©²ÄËù¾Û£¬×ã³ÆÐÛÕò¡±¡£Ö®ËùÒÔÈç´Ë£¬ÒòÕÁÊ÷ÕòλÓÚԬˮÓë¸Ó½½»»ã´¦£¬Ë®Â½½»Í¨±ãÀû£¬³ÉΪҩ²ÄÖÆ×÷»ùµØºÍ¼¯É¢ÖÐÐÄ¡£Îâ³ÇÕòµÄÐËÊ¢¸üÊÇÓÉÓÚº½Ô˵ÄÖØÒªºÍ·¢´ï¡£Îâ³ÇÕò³ÉΪ¸Ó½Á÷Óò¡¢ÐÞË®Á÷ÓòÎï×ʽø³öµÄ×ÜÂëÍ·£¬ÊÇÒòÆä´¦ÓÚ¸Ó½ÈëÛ¶ÑôºþµÄË®¿Ú£¬»õÎïÍÌÍÂÊýÁ¿¾Þ´ó£¬ÉÌÒµº½Ô˼«Îª·±Ê¢£¬ÓÐÃñÑèΪ֤£º¡°²èÉÌľ¿ÍÑη·×Ó£¬Ö½Õ»Âéׯ¶ÑÈçɽ¡±£¬¡°×°²»¾¡µÄÎâ³Ç£¬Ð¶²»ÍêµÄºº¿Ú¡±¡£Û¶ÑôºþÖܱ߷¢Õ¹ÆðÀ´µÄ½Î÷ËÄ´ó¹ÅÕò£¬¼ÈÊÇÆä·¢´ïº½Ô˵ļûÖ¤£¬ÓÖÊÇÆ乵ͨÄϱ±µÄ±ØÈ»¡£
¡¡¡¡µÚÈý£¬¾Å½¿ÚÊdz¤½»Æ½ðË®µÀÄϱ±¡¢¶«Î÷½»Á÷µÄÖáÐÄ£¬ÊǺųơ°Èý½Ö®¿Ú£¬Æßʡͨá顱µÄ±Ø¾Ö®Â·¡£¾Å½Í¾Í¨ÎåÁ룬ÄÏΪ۶Ñôºþ£¬±±±ô³¤½£¬Ë®Â½½»Í¨Ê®·Ö±ãÀû£»Íâ¿É½øÈ볤½£¬µÖ´ïÑؽÉÏÏµĹ¤ÉÌÊÐÕòºÍ¸Û¿ÚÂëÍ·£¬´ÓºþÄÚÔò¿ÉÓÉÄÚºÓת´ïÑغÓÉÏϵÄË®²ºÂëÍ·Óë¸÷´¦ÊÐÕò£¬¹ÊÃ÷´ú³ÉΪȫ¹ú¡°Èý´ó²èÊС±¡¢¡°ËÄ´óÃ×ÊС±Ö®Ò»¡£¾Å½¶ÔÍâͨÉÌÀúÊ·¾ÃÔ¶£¬ÔçÔÚ1858Ä꣬¾Å½¾ÍºÍºº¿Ú¡¢ÄϾ©¡¢Õò½µÈ³ÇÊб»±ÙΪ¶ÔÍâͨÉÌ¿Ú°¶¡£ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬¶í¹ú·á˳¹«Ë¾1863ÄêÔÚÖйúÉèÁ¢¹¤³§£¬ÆäÖоÍÓоŽש²è³§£¬¹ÍÓ¶Á˺ܶàÖйú¹¤ÈËÖÆÔìש²èºÍ²è±ý¡£1864Ä꣬¶íÉÌÉèÁ¢ÐÂ̩ש²è³§£¬ºóÔ¼ÓÚ1875ÄêÔھŽÉèÁ¢·Ö³§¡£¶íÉÌÔÚ»ªËù°ìµÄ×î´óµÄ¸·²ýש²è¹«Ë¾ÔھŽÉèÁ¢µÄ·Ö³§£¬Äê²úÁ¿´ï2.6Íòµ£¡£ÖÁ20ÊÀ¼Í³õ£¬¾Å½×©²èÉú²úÈ«±»¶íÉÌ¢¶Ï£¬×©²èÊä³ö¶î´ï300ÍòÁ½°×Òø¡£¶øÇÒ´Ó1862ÄêÆð£¬ÃÀ¹úÆì²ýÑóÐС¢Ó¢¹úÌ«¹ÅÑóÐеȷֱðÔھŽÉèÁ¢ÂëÍ·¡¢»õÕ»£¬³ý³¤½º½ÔËÍ⣬»¹ÈëÛ¶ÑôºþÑظӽ¶øÉϽøÐÐÔËÊ䣬¾Å½ÔÚ¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±µÄ×÷ÓÃÓëÓ°ÏìÓɴ˿ɼûÒ»°ß¡£
¡¡¡¡½Î÷³ýÊǹؼüµÄ²èÒ¶¼¯É¢µØ£¬×ÔÌÆËÎʱÆÚÆð¾ÍÊÇÖйúÖØÒªµÄ²ú²èµØ¡£ÔÚ¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±ÔËÊäµÄ²èÒ¶ÖУ¬¾ÍÓнÎ÷µÄÃûÓŲèÒ¶¡£½Î÷Äþºì²è¾ÍÊÇÏúÍù¶í¹úµÄÃûÆ·¡£Äþºì²èÉú²úʼÓÚÇ峯µÀ¹âÄê¼ä£¬µÀ¹âÄ©ÄêÎÅÃûÓÚÊÀ£¬ÕýÊÇÓÉÓÚÏò¶í¹ú³ö¿Ú£¬ÒýÆðÊÀ½çµÄ¹Ø×¢¡£µ±Ê±£¬Ò»Äê³ö¿Ú¸ß´ï300ÍòÏä¡£¾Ý¼ÇÔØ£¬Çå¹âÐ÷Ê®ÆßÄ꣬ºñÉú¡²èÐвúÖƵİ××ÖºÅÄþºì²è100Ï䣬ÔÚºº¿ÚÒÔÿÏä°×Òø100Á½µÄ¼Û¸ñ³öÊÛ¸ø¶íÉÌ¡£Äþºì²èµÃµ½Á˶íÉ̵ÄÔÞÓþ£¬»¹Ôø»ñµÃɳ»ÊÌ«×ÓÔùË͵ġ°²è¸ÇÖлª£¬¼Û¸ßÌìÏ¡±µÄØҶÃû²èµÄÉú²ú½øÒ»²½Í¹ÏÔÁ˽Î÷×÷Ϊ¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±»Æ½ð·ÏßµÄÓÅÊÆ¡£
¡¡¡¡×ÜÖ®£¬Çøλ¶ÀÌØ¡¢½ºþÏàÁ¬¡¢º½ÔË·¢´ï¡¢ÉÌ󼯾ۡ¢²è²ú·á¸»µÈ×ÛºÏÒòËØʹ½Î÷³ÉΪ¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±ÖØÒªµÄ½»Í¨ÊàŦ¡£Èç½ñ£¬µ±ÎÒÃÇ»½ÐѶԡ°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±µÄ¼ÇÒäʱ£¬Ò²ÒªÖØÊ°½Î÷×÷Ϊ¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±ÖØÒªÊàŦµÄÀúÊ·ÓëÎÄ»¯£¬Íƶ¯Æä³ÉΪ¡°ÍòÀï²èµÀ¡±ÖØлÀ·¢÷ÈÁ¦Óë»îÁ¦µÄÓлú×é³É²¿·Ö¡£
¡¡¡¡£¨×÷Õßϵ¸ÓÄÏʦ·¶Ñ§ÔºÀúÊ·ÎÄ»¯ÓëÂÃÓÎѧԺÌØƸ½ÌÊÚ¡¢½Î÷Ê¡Éç¿ÆÔºÊ×ϯÑо¿Ô±)
¡¡¡¡¡ö Óà ÔÃ