????棰?锛?涔?杩?骞虫???????充赴瀵?????灞?浜?椹?????涓讳???????璁?/p>

?版?朵唬浠ユ?ワ??㈠?????寤鸿?瀹?璺垫???虹??涓??戒?????涓???涔??????朵唬涔?????浜烘?涔????浠ヤ?杩?骞冲??蹇?涓烘?稿?????涓?ぎ?ㄧ???ㄥ?璺典腑?ㄨ???璁哄???帮?浠ョ??璁哄???版??瀵兼?版?朵唬瀹?璺碉?褰㈡??浜?涔?杩?骞虫???????炽??杩?涓????虫???椹?????涓讳???????璁虹??涓板?????灞?锛???┈????涓讳???????璁轰腑?藉???朵唬???????扮??璁烘????锛?涓烘?ㄨ?绀句?涓讳?????寮哄?藉缓璁俱???ㄩ?㈡?ㄨ?涓???姘???浼?澶у??存??渚?浜?寮哄ぇ???虫??ㄣ??

涔?杩?骞虫???????虫繁??浜?瀵规????????瑙?寰???璁よ???椹????????╂?兼?????????????㈢储??即?????╁?茶???褰㈡????纭????灞?寮?????绔?瓒冲???╁?茶?锛?灏?浜虹??瀹?璺点??浜虹????灞???浜虹??瑙ｆ?句???????????虹?????┈????涓讳???????璁虹??椴????圭?广???ㄣ??1844骞寸?娴?瀛兀?插???绋裤??涓??椹???????杩???绀句???汉?????剁????瀹???浜?????川??缁?涓?锛??????剁??????姝ｅ?娲伙???汉??瀹??颁??????朵富涔??????剁????瀹??颁???浜洪??涓讳???[1]绛?璁鸿堪??ず浜???????汉??瀵硅薄??娲诲?ㄨ?涓???川锛??虫???????ㄢ??瀵硅???剁??浜哄????涓???浜虹?????跺????浜や??ㄧЩ涓?????????灞???锛????讹?椹?????杩?灏????辩??????璇???娲诲?ㄤ?涓轰汉??绫荤?规?э???绀轰???瀵?????????涓???拷瑙?浜虹??涓讳??с???版?朵唬浠ユ?ワ?涔?杩?骞虫?讳功璁板?????寤鸿????轰?涓?绯诲???版???虫?拌??规?拌??????灞?浜?椹?????涓讳???????璁哄?????????瑙?寰???璁よ???渚?濡?锛??ㄦ???腑?界?硅?茬ぞ浼?涓讳????????????讹?寮鸿???涓??界?硅?茬ぞ浼?涓讳?????锛?婧????涓???姘???浜???澶?骞存???????叉??瀛??茬??涓???浼?绉?浼?缁?????锛????镐???棰?瀵间汉姘??ㄩ?╁?姐??寤鸿????归?╀腑???????╁?芥??????绀句?涓讳???杩?????锛?妞??逛?涓??界?硅?茬ぞ浼?涓讳?浼?澶у?璺碘??[2]锛??㈠????浜?椹?????涓讳???????璁哄?充??????????????╁?茶??烘????猴?灏????╄川??缁?娴???浜?瀹???涓???宸叉???????虫??????[3]???虹???锛??村桨?句???????????涓讳??э?浣??颁??????????????叉?э?绐??轰????????????朵唬?э?褰㈡??浜?浠ュ?璺典负?瑰?恒??浠ヤ汉涓轰富浣???浠ユ????浼?缁?涓烘???冲?虹??ユ???℃???????????拌?璇?????濡?锛?涔?杩?骞虫?讳功璁伴??杩???涓?涓??????涓?涓??藉?锛?蹇?椤荤?ラ????繁???锛?????????ョ??锛?瑕??板?????烩??[4]锛???瀹??扮簿绁?涓????????富??[5]绛?璁鸿堪绐??哄己璋?????涓讳??х????瑕???涔?锛??瑰?????杩?骞虫???????虫???轰???涓や釜缁???????澶ц????杩?浜??藉??灞?浜?椹?????涓讳???????璁轰腑??????????涓讳??ч?????

涔?杩?骞虫???????冲?瀵规???????颁???浣??ㄧ??璁よ??????颁??伴?搴�:??缁?娴??虹?涓?涓?灞?寤虹???????????灞?涓?浜虹????灞?锛?杩???┈????涓讳???????璁鸿?璇????????颁???浣??ㄧ??涓ゅぇ??瑕?缁村害???ㄧ?娴??虹?涓?涓?灞?寤虹????崇郴缁村害锛?涓??归???绀句?瀛??ㄥ?冲?绀句???璇?锛?椹????????猴???瀹?????瀹跺涵???藉???娉?????寰枫??绉?瀛�:???烘???绛?锛??戒?杩?????浜х??涓?浜??规????瑰?锛?骞朵?????浜х??????瑙?寰?????????[6]锛??�???归???????浣?涓轰?灞?寤虹?瀵圭?娴??虹??锋????浣??ㄥ??锛?渚?濡?锛???杩?????璁轰?缁????＄兢浼?锛?灏变??????╄川????锛????藉????涓?灞?寤虹???浼??荤????茬??杩?绋????ㄦ????????灞?涓?浜虹????灞??崇郴缁村害锛?姝ｅ??╂?兼?????虹????????涓???姣?涓?涓??姝ワ??芥????????辩??涓?姝モ??[7]锛??ㄩ┈????涓讳???????璁鸿???涓?锛?????????灞???绋?涔?搴?褰???汉璧板?????辫???ㄩ?㈠??灞?????绋????版?朵唬浠ユ?ワ?涔?杩?骞虫???????冲????浜?椹?????涓讳???????璁哄?充??????颁???浣??ㄧ???烘????猴?骞朵??????藉?浜?涓???灞??ㄥ??哄??锛?绔?瓒虫?版?朵唬瀹?璺碉????????′?浜??????ㄧぞ浼????轰?涓???绐??洪??瑕??с??涔?杩?骞虫?讳功璁版???猴???缁?绛规?ㄨ???浜?浣?涓?浣????讳?甯?灞?????璋??ㄨ?????涓??ㄩ?⑩?????ュ?灞?锛?????????瑕???瀹癸??ㄥ?ㄩ?璐ㄩ????灞?锛?????????瑕????癸?婊¤冻浜烘??ョ??澧??跨??缇?濂界??娲婚??瑕?锛?????????瑕???绱?锛???????杩???璺????绉?椋??╂????锛?????????瑕?????婧?娉?????[8]杩?涓?璁烘???瀵规???????颁???浣??ㄧ??璁よ??????颁????叉?伴?搴�

涔?杩?骞虫???????冲?ㄥ??绛???????灞?涓??浣?澶????╄川??浜т?绮剧???浜с??浼?缁?涓??颁唬??姘???涓?涓???绛??崇郴涓?褰㈡??浜?涓板??????版?х??璁烘??????椹?????璁や负灏界??╄川??浜ф??簿绁???浜х???虹?锛?浣????╄川??浜у??绮剧???浜у苟????姝ユ??????姣?渚???杩?琛???姝ｅ??╂?兼???浠?8涓?绾???寰峰?解??缁?娴?涓??藉?????藉??ㄥ?插?涓?浠??惰?藉?婕?濂?绗??灏????粹??[9]锛????凤?缁?娴???灞?骞朵?蹇??跺甫?ョ簿绁?????????灞????轰???????灞????ㄤ汉????川??瀵硅薄??娲诲?ㄥ?寮???锛?椹?????涓讳???????璁哄?ㄤ?缁?涓??颁唬???崇郴涓?寮鸿?浜烘?????叉?с???????х??瀛???????轰汉浠???????繁?????插苟????蹇???娆插?板????锛????????ㄧ?存?ョ??扮?????㈠?????浠?杩??绘?跨户涓??ョ???′欢涓???????[10]锛??ㄦ???涓?涓??????崇郴涓?寮鸿????插??涓??????茶浆????汉绫讳氦寰??╁ぇ??浜х?╋?瀹?涓????借薄??琛??ㄨ??????ㄧ?╄川??琛??ㄣ???版?朵唬浠ユ?ワ??ㄦ?ㄨ?涓???姘???浼?澶у??磋?绋?涓??浣?澶????╄川??娲讳?绮剧???娲汇??浼?缁?涓??颁唬??姘???涓?涓??????崇郴绛??????寰??翠负杩?????澶?????涔?杩?骞虫?讳功璁扮?瓒充腑??姘???浼?澶у??存???ュ?ㄥ???涓????惧勾????涔?澶у??灞?锛????衡??娌℃????杩???????绉???寮?棰?锛?娌℃??浜烘?绮剧?涓???????澶т赴瀵?锛?娌℃??姘???绮剧???????涓????寮猴?涓?涓??藉???涓?涓????涓????藉惫绔?浜?涓???姘???涔?????[11]????瑕?璁烘?????ㄧ?╄川??娲讳?绮剧???娲诲?崇郴涓?锛?灏??╄川??娲诲??绮剧???娲诲?卞??瀵?瑁????ュ?卞??瀵?瑁????筹?灏??╄川????涓?绮剧??????稿??璋?浣?涓轰腑?藉??颁唬????浜?澶х?瑰?涔?涓?锛????版?у?颁互绯荤???缁存?ㄨ?浜?????璋???灞????ㄤ?缁?涓??颁唬???崇郴涓?锛?涔?杩?骞虫?讳功璁版???衡???ㄦ?扮??璧风?逛?缁х画?ㄥ?ㄦ????绻??ｃ??寤鸿?????寮哄?姐??寤鸿?涓???姘????颁唬????锛?????浠??ㄦ?版?朵唬?扮??????浣垮?解??[12]锛?璐???浜?浼?缁?涓??颁唬???ㄦ???涓?涓??????崇郴涓?锛?涔?杩?骞虫?讳功璁版???衡??瀵逛汉绫绘??????澶х??绀兼??氨??????浜虹被?????板舰????[13]????浜ゆ?浜??存????????灞?????川瑕?姹???[14]绛?璁鸿堪锛?璧?浜?浜?寤鸿?涓???姘????颁唬????浠ヤ?????涔?锛?涔?涓轰?????????灞???渚?浜??扮??瀹??拌矾寰???

涔?杩?骞虫???????冲?ㄥ??搴?杩?浜???????灞???澶у?崇郴涔???腑锛?褰㈡??浜?涓?绯诲???????х??璁烘????锛?涓板?????灞?浜?椹?????涓讳???????璁猴?涔?蹇?灏?????瀹?璺电??娣卞?ヨ??涓???赴瀵?????灞???

锛?浣???绠?浠?锛?寰??剁?硷???浜???┖??ぉ澶у?椹?????涓讳?瀛﨎?㈣?甯???纭?澹???瀵煎?锛?寮????帮???浜???┖??ぉ澶у?椹?????涓讳?瀛﨎?㈢?澹???绌剁??锛?